Poland Syndrome: A Case Report.

Abstract

Background: Poland syndrome is a rare congenital anomaly characterized by unilateral absence or hypoplasia of the pectoralis major muscle, often associated with ipsilateral thoracic and upper-limb abnormalities. Its etiology remains uncertain, with the most widely accepted hypothesis involving disruption of the subclavian artery supply during embryogenesis. Clinical presentation varies widely, ranging from isolated muscular defects to complex thoracic deformities.

Case Presentation: This report describes an 8-month-old male who presented with anterior chest wall asymmetry. Examination revealed unilateral hypoplasia of the left breast, absence of the anterior axillary fold, and hypoplasia of the pectoralis major and minor muscles.

Discussion: Poland syndrome is typically diagnosed on clinical grounds, with imaging serving to delineate the extent of musculoskeletal involvement and exclude associated anomalies. Management is individualized and depends on the severity of deformity, patient age, and functional or psychological impact. Reconstructive options include autologous tissue transfer, prosthetic implantation, or a combination of both. Early diagnosis and appropriate counseling are essential to optimize long-term outcomes.

Conclusion: Poland syndrome is a very rare congenital anomaly with few reports in the international literature. In adults, it needs breast reconstruction to address the asymmetry of the chest.